Some reasons for this failure include: a dedicated and vigorous campaign by Continentally-trained Catholic priests;[6] failure to make use of the Irish language,[8] the native tongue of around 90% of the population;[9] and the alienation of the Old English in political developments and the view amongst the Gaelic Irish that this was another attempt by the English at conquest and forced Anglicisation. In 1861 only the west coast and Kilkenny had less than 6% Protestant. We were firmly part of the community, as children loved and minded like others. [32] The larger groups, whilst sharing some grievances, had different primary focuses. The southern part ,called the Republic of Ireland belongs to Ireland and covers an area of over 70 000 km². [31] William Conolly was a Gaelic Catholic from Ballyshannon, County Donegal; however, in the years following his conversion to Protestantism, he would become the Speaker of the Irish House of Commons as well as Ireland's richest man despite being the son of an innkeeper. [31] Ironically, despite attempts by some,[36] the Ascendancy had no real desire to convert the mass of the Catholic population to Protestantism, fearing that it would dilute their own exclusive and highly privileged position,[31] and many of the penal laws were poorly enforced. [32], During the 17th century the Dissenter population was low. Protestants whom are born in Northern Ireland are British. The experiences of Protestants growing up in the Republic of Ireland is being documented by University College Dublin for a major new oral history project. My sister and I did Irish dancing (badly, in my case), with costumes loaned for feiseanna by our neighbours, who happened to be Catholic. [29] The Plantation of Ulster also finally swung into full motion as a constant stream of English and Scottish families made their way to the north of Ireland. Southern Protestants were one of two minorities created by partition. The first Irish translation of the New Testament was begun by Dr Nicholas Walsh, Bishop of Ossory, who worked on it until his death in 1585. When you have reset your password, you can, Please choose a screen name. [37] Not until the Armagh disturbances in the 1780s did sectarian divisions come back to the fore. The Church of Ireland undertook the first publication of the Bible in Irish. However, his election was overturned. Here we will look at the changing distribution of Protestants in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland between the years 1861 and 1991. Some Roman Catholics took revenge on Protestants or intimidated them, especially in the border counties with Northern Ireland: Donegal, Leitrim, Cavan, Monaghan and Louth. [32] This included attacking cattle, burning buildings, and threatening letters amongst other acts. Protestants in Ireland, 1861 – 1991 The population dynamics of Ireland are extremely complex and interesting, and the distribution of Protestants on the island is certainly no exception. An Irish translation of the revised prayer book of 1662 was effected by John Richardson (1664–1747) and published in 1712. Robin Bury, author of the book 'Buried Lives, The Protestants of Southern Ireland' Protestants made up around 10% of the population in the south in … Throughout the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I, several plantations occurred seeing the arrival of British settlers, the majority of which were Protestant. [11], During the reigns of both Elizabeth I and James VI & I, some Protestants who adhered to forms of Puritanism escaped persecution in England and Scotland by settling in Ireland. [30] Scottish Presbyterian immigration to Ulster also reached its peak during this period and that of Queen Anne (1702-1707). 164-5. Protestantism is a minority Christian denominational family on the island of Ireland. [29], The death of Charles I in 1649 saw puritanism reach its peak as the Church of Ireland became restricted allowing other Protestant denominations to freely expand. [20], With the drastic decrease in Catholic landowners after the Cromwellian land settlement in the 1640s, by the time of the Restoration parliament in 1661, only one Catholic MP was returned to the Irish Parliament. Welcome to Drum - the only Protestant village in Republic of Ireland Drum Accordion Band members, turned out smartly in their uniforms, lead the procession of local Orange lodges July 20 … Freedom of religion is provided for by law in both countries. The main issues Dissenters were concerned with were those that affected them most due to the Penal Laws: religious discrimination; economic development; and the matter of land. At the same time, in casual encounters people would again display that new curiosity: “Wex-ford? [15], Between 1615 and 1620, a policy of "discovery and regrant" was used in various parts of Ireland; however, few settlers were attracted to these plantations, resulting basically in new landowners. As hundreds joined up in the small towns of north Wexford, the local volunteer leaders wrote to the Church of Ireland and other clergy, and to the Quaker community, saying that Protestants should not be afraid, this was not about sectarianism. [43] Despite backing the restoration, as well as the system of episcopacy, it also asserted the Irish Parliament's legislative superiority over itself and its intent to set and collect its own taxes.[42]. Oxford Companion to Irish History, pp. [31][36] Some of these converts were high profile, such as The 5th Earl of Antrim, whose conversion meant that in the province of Ulster there were no Catholic estates of any note. [4] Elizabeth made herself the supreme governor of the Church of Ireland. The Protestants live throughout Ireland but they are more numerous in the counties immediately bordering Northern Ireland: Donegal, Cavan, Monaghan and Leitrim, the first three once part of Ulster. In his later years, he became a keen local historian who was on the 1798 bicentenary committee. 184-5. Oxford Companion to Irish History, p. 462. There are Catholics who accept the universal jurisdiction of the Pope, the Bishop of Rome. For this reason it is incorrect to refer to members of the Church of Ireland as ‘non–Catholic’. As the Presbyterian church was not yet established in Ireland, Presbyterians were more than happy to join the Church of Ireland,[23] which then exercised a good deal of tolerance and understanding. 177-8. The republic's current parliament includes four Protestants (and two Jews) among its 166 members. Researching the history of the volunteers in Wexford gave a keen glimpse into the conscious protectiveness of the Catholic community there to us Protestants. Bury is discomfited by this abandonment of a cherished separatism. This name will appear beside any comments you post. [32] Whilst they were anti-Catholic and helped populate landlords' estates along with other Dissenters, they suffered from political, religious and economic restrictions. Often Northern Irish Protestants are also referred to as Northern Irish. [31], The revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 saw great numbers of Huguenots flee from France, with as many as 10,000 migrating to Ireland during the 1690s, including veterans from the Huguenot regiments in the army of William III. Brennan, a member of the Irish republican movement, grew up in Short Strand, a staunchly Catholic, working-class neighborhood in predominantly Protestant east Belfast. The Hearts of Oak acted during the day and in a highly public manner, which allowed the authorities to clamp down on them easier. [31] Indeed, penal laws similar to those passed by the Irish Parliament, were imposed against Protestants in France and Silesia, but in these cases it was by a majority against a minority, which was not the situation in Ireland. The Church of Ireland's national Cathedral and Collegiate Church of Saint Patrick, Dublin, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Evangelical Presbyterian Church (Ireland), Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland, Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland, Eternal Sacred Order of Cherubim and Seraphim, "Census figures: NI Protestant population continuing to decline", "Northern Ireland census 2011: religion and identity mapped", "Census 2011 Profile 7 Religion, Ethnicity and Irish Travellers", "The Catholic Church in Ireland is losing market share. Somehow, we had all learned since 1798. Protestantism is a Christian minority on the island of Ireland. This article is about Protestantism on the whole island of Ireland. [22] During the reign of Charles I, however, The 1st Viscount Wentworth (created 1st Earl of Strafford in 1640), Lord Deputy of Ireland, and Dr William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, sought to bring the Irish church into line with that in England by stamping out puritanism,[12] and the anti-episcopal views of the Scottish ministers operating in Ulster. Protestants whom are born in the Republic of Ireland are Irish. In the 2011 census of the Republic of Ireland, 5% of the population described themselves as Church of Ireland (Anglican) or Presbyterian (93,056 and 14,348 people respectively). [14] In 1606, the notorious Border reiver clan of the Grahams of Eskdale, Leven and Sark, were invited to settle in County Roscommon. [13], That same year, the Flight of the Earls occurred,[16][17] which saw vast tracts of land in Ulster spanning the counties of Armagh, Cavan, Coleraine, Donegal, Fermanagh, and Tyrone, escheated to James VI & I. [5] The introduction of the Reformation to Ireland is regarded as the end of the medieval period in Ireland. In 1604, the Scottish Catholic Randal MacDonnell, set about settling his lands in the Route and Glynnes in County Antrim with Protestants from the Scottish Lowlands. Of that, tellingly, he said: “If we had put as much work into the rebellion itself, we might have won.”. [15], By 1607 a steady supply of Scottish Protestants were migrating to eastern Ulster, settling in the estates of Hamilton, MacDonnell, and Montgomery. In the 2011 census of Northern Ireland, 48% (883,768) described themselves as Protestant, which was a decline of approximately 5% from the 2001 census. This terminated both state support and parliament's role in its governance, but also took into government ownership much church property. [38] For the Hearts of Steel it was evictions and rents. Medieval Ireland An Encyclopedia, p. 368. We reserve the right to remove any content at any time from this Community, including without limitation if it violates the, For the best site experience please enable JavaScript in your browser settings. One of the best estimates given for the scale of death during this period gives an estimated 112,000 Protestants, along with around 504,000 Catholics, dying from plague, war or famine,[26] from a pre-war population of around one-and-a-half million. [20], James VI & I's campaign to pacify the borders resulted in great numbers of Border reiver families arriving in Ulster. It is both Protestant and Catholic. [18], It is estimated that in regards to Presbyterianism, that there were less than 10,000 adherents during the early seventeenth century. A History of Ireland in 250 Episodes, pp. [18] This was followed by the Plantation of Ulster, which saw Protestant[citation needed] British settlers colonise these counties. By … [39] Whilst the Volunteers were formed as a defensive force, they quickly became involved in politics.[39]. Dear Sir. Conflict between Protestants and Catholics in Ireland The troubles The country of Ireland, which is known for its beautiful scenery, is divided into two parts. This led to the passing of the Act of Supremacy in 1536, which declared King Henry VIII of England to be the head of the Church of Ireland. The Irish Church Act 1869 (which took effect in 1871) finally ended the role of the Church of Ireland as state church. Perspectives on Southern Irish Protestants in the twentieth century", This page was last edited on 12 March 2021, at 00:25. [9], The Church of Ireland by the 1630s was a broad church that accepted various different Protestant practices and beliefs. Protestants in the Republic: Inclusion and exclusion, resilience and pride The disappearance of the Protestant accent from Ireland Northern Irishness must … [15] Once they had settled in Ulster they realised the advantages of becoming Protestants and conformed to the established church. 109-11. We’ve heard our people were very badly treated in Wex-ford.” And we would get into a mutually enlightening, good-natured conversation. [39], Prior to the outbreak of the American War of Independence in 1776, between 100,000 and 250,000 Presbyterians emigrated from Ulster for the colonies in North America. [25] Protestant immigration to Ireland had started in earnest in the aftermath of the restoration of the monarchy in Ireland in 1660, helped by acts such as that "to Encourage Protestant Strangers to Settle in Ireland", passed in 1662. The work of translating the Old Testament was undertaken by Dr William Bedel (1571–1642), Bishop of Kilmore, who completed his translation within the reign of Charles I, although it was not published until 1680 in a revised version by Dr Narcissus Marsh (1638–1713), Archbishop of Dublin. The 2011 census of the Republic of Ireland found that the Protestant population in every county had grown. [9], Despite being the target of various penal laws, Dissenters remained vocal advocates of those that targeted Catholics so kept their complaints to a courteous tone. [39] British troops based in Ireland were transported to America to participate in the conflict, which raised fears of a possible French invasion, leading to the foundation of the Volunteers consisting of Dissenters and Anglicans, with some Catholic support. In our family we did not see 1798 as essentially sectarian, more as a war in which difficult events happened. The annual twelfth of July parades, celebrating the protestant William of Orange’s victory at the battle of the Boyne, is the movement’s most important and widely celebrated tradition. As a historian who often engages with the public at local history talks, I am often approached by people with stories they have never told before, about the intersection between Protestants and Catholics in their community. [40], Prior to the Plantation of Ulster in the opening decades of the 17th century, the Irish Parliament consisted of Catholic Old English and Gaelic Irish MPs. In 2012, the Irish Independent reported that "Irish Anglicanism is undergoing a quite remarkable period of growth" due to immigration and Irish Catholics converting. [31] Under one of these laws, Dissenters could only be married in the Church of Ireland otherwise it was not legal, making their children illegitimate in the eyes of the law. [12] Puritans also went about establishing non-conforming Protestant churches such as Baptist, Quaker, Congregational, as well as Presbyterian. [1][2] In the 2011 census of the Republic of Ireland, 4.27% of the population described themselves as Protestant. The Protestants of Northern Ireland have not been deceived by the sham ‘removal’ of Articles 2 and 3 from the Irish Constitution following the 1998 Referendum in the Republic, which merely substituted a claim of nationality for a claim of territory and jurisdiction, and even provided for the alteration to be rescinded should circumstances require it. Compensation was provided to clergy, but many parishes faced great difficulty in local financing after the loss of rent-generating lands and buildings. [22], Between 1640 and 1641, Protestants and Catholics alike in the Irish Parliament united in opposition to Wentworth, and pushed for the Graces—first arranged in 1628—to be confirmed as well as filing lists of complaints about his behaviour and practices. What does it mean to be Protestant and Irish? Where is the plan for outdoor living in Dublin this summer? The largest Christian denomination in Northern Ireland is Protestant Christianity where over 41.5% of the population identify themselves as Protestants. We feel these ponderings about Irish identity are timely with this new curiosity and the many ways of being Irish now. [9], The 1641 rebellion in Ulster was largely a response to the dispossession of Irish Catholics during the plantation, and resulted in the deaths of thousands of Protestant settlers. In 2008, only 4% of Protestants in Northern Ireland thought the long-term policy for Northern Ireland should be unification with the Republic of Ireland, whereas 89% said it should be to remain in the United Kingdom. A History of Ireland in 250 Episodes, p. 183. 100-1. We had a hurling pitch on the farm. Are Protestants closer to the ideal of model citizen than Catholics? It’s the Schrödinger’s cat of Identity. [24] Across the island, the predominant doctrine within the Church of Ireland was puritanism, which like Presbyterianism, favoured simple and plain forms of worship and clothing. To comment you must now be an Irish Times subscriber. [9] The scale of this migration was such that in 1773, within the space of a fortnight, around 3,500 Ulster emigrants landed at Philadelphia alone. [39] One knock-on effect of this emigration was parts of Ulster only being Catholic because of the depopulation of Protestants. [29] French Protestants, known as Huguenots, escaping persecution in France formed their own small community in Dublin where they became famous for developing poplin and handsome stone buildings called "Dutch Billy's". However, under Lord Deputy Wentworth in 1640, a further sixteen Old English seats were removed. 591-2. The secret lives of Ireland’s Protestants. [3] Some forms of Protestantism existed in Ireland in the early 16th century before the English Reformation, but demographically speaking these were very insignificant and the real influx of Protestantism began only with the spread of the English Reformation to Ireland. [32] One way to alleviate problems was to gain the favour of the landlord. Protestants also form 8.1 per cent of the population of Wicklow, 5 per cent of Laoighis and 4.7 per cent of Carlow near Dublin, with a further 3.9 per cent in Dublin itself. 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[21][22], By the 1630s, Protestant settlers from Great Britain were migrating to Ireland by their own initiative, and helped initiate a colonial spread from the ports where they arrived and into the hinterlands of Ulster. [32] The Irish Parliament and Established Church were opposed to giving them full civil rights, and during Queen Anne's reign, penal laws targeting Dissenters came into force. [31] This elite would come to be known as the Protestant Ascendancy. Photograph: Hulton Archive/Getty Images. 200-2. [13] This was followed by the considerably determined private plantation of counties Antrim and Down by James Hamilton and Sir Hugh Montgomery, which saw English and Scottish Protestants settling in their estates. [21] This policy was used in the counties of Leitrim, Longford, northern Wexford, as well as parts of King's County and Queen's County. [3] In the Republic, Protestantism was the second largest religious grouping until the 2002 census in which they were exceeded by those who chose "No Religion". North/South Church of Ireland divide deepens, Church of Ireland clergy object to conservative bishop’s appointment, Use of character references in rape trials needs to end, Diarmaid Ferriter: Dialogue key to unionism’s pursuit of relevance, Stephen Collins: Border poll talk fails to take account of loyalist anger. [32] Tenants also had to follow the landlords' preferred choice in elections, which then were not held by secret ballot. [41] Whilst these MPs had few ideological objections to making Henry VIII head of the Irish church as well as to the establishment of Anglicanism in Ireland under Elizabeth I in 1660, resistance to government policies started to grow. [41] This resulted in Ulster alone returning 38 MPs to the Irish Parliament with the three other provinces altogether contributing 36, giving the government a majority of 32. In politics, prominent Protestants have included David Norris, Ivan Yates, Jan O'Sullivan and Heather Humphreys, who is a Presbyterian. [33] Despite the exodus of Palatines in the years after their initial arrival in Ireland, a second relocation carried out in 1712 saw the establishment of two successful settlements, one being around Rathkeale, County Limerick, the other around Gorey, County Wexford. The establishment of the Irish Free State and the end of the union between southern Ireland and Great Britain, who were the main protagonists in Protestantization of Ireland, is one of the main reasons protestant population declined significantly. Living for two years in Belfast, that sense of an integrated community in Wexford became more highlighted to me. Post navigation. However, in 1560, her half-sister and successor Queen Elizabeth I enacted a religious settlement consisting of an Act of Supremacy and Act of Uniformity in an attempt to impose Protestantism. Schools attended are mostly multi-denominational so young Irish protestants in the republic grow up with other children from all faith backgrounds includi [24], In 1635, Lord Wentworth proposed a plantation of Connacht, which would have seen all Catholic land confiscated and settled with only English Protestants, with the hope of converting the Gaelic and Old English Catholics to the state religion. As the official established church, the Church of Ireland was funded partially by tithes imposed on all Irish landowners and tenant farmers, irrespective of the fact that it counted only a minority of the populace among its adherents; these tithes were a source of much resentment which occasionally boiled over, as in the Tithe War of 1831/36. For the Hearts of Oak, it was the paying of cess as well as tithes and small dues to the Church of Ireland. In the end, it was the Roman Catholics, mainly, who reversed out of Catholic Ireland, and did so as citizens of the republic they assumed themselves to inhabit. When I moved outside the community, to live in Dublin, it became clearer that the strong community friendships that typify Wexford and the southeast are not necessarily the same everywhere in the Republic. 205-7. This is a question Protestants in the Republic have been asked more frequently in recent years, as the end of the Troubles in Northern Ireland has led to a new freedom to talk about many aspects of our society. [6], Despite all this, the Reformation ground to a halt and ultimately failed.
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