Gerry Adams unequivocally condemns the bombing, signals that the republican war is effectively at an end, and three weeks later meets David Trimble (leader of the Ulster Unionists) for talks. Despite some intermingling of the English and Irish population, the two were never completely united. Northern Ireland is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom, (although it is also described by official sources as a province or a region ), situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland. 1921 - Northern Ireland is established as part of the United Kingdom. Tony and the team search for the remains of a renegade knight's Norman castle in one of Northern Ireland's most picturesque spots. On 13 October 2006 an agreement was proposed after three days of multiparty talks at St. Andrews in Scotland, which all parties including the DUP, supported. 1982 An INLA bomb kills 17 people at a disco in Derry. Devolution was not new to Northern Ireland. 2002–", Northern Ireland (Temporary Provisions) Act 1972, "Background Information on Northern Ireland Society – Security and Defence", "Thatcher misgivings over Anglo-Irish Agreement revealed", "Spotlight on the Troubles: A Secret History Epside 7", "I.R.A. 1920 "Black and Tans" are sent to Ireland as police reinforcements; 30 people are killed in Belfast and Derry, and Cork City is set ablaze. [19], Despite this, Northern Ireland was relatively peaceful for most of the period from 1924 until the late 1960s, except for some brief flurries of IRA activity, the (Luftwaffe) Belfast blitz during the Second World War in 1941 and the so-called "Border Campaign" from 1956 to 1962. Meanwhile, the marching season is particularly violent. Lord Mountbatten dies in an explosion on his boat in County Sligo. 1972 was the most violent year of the conflict. No significant progress is made. As a result, Northern Ireland's demography shifted further in favour of Protestants, leaving their ascendancy seemingly impregnable by the late 1950s. [49], Secretary of State for Northern Ireland James Brokenshire gave the political parties more time to reach a coalition agreement after the 27 March deadline passed. Attempts to restart the assembly were made, predominantly by unionist parties, on 21 October, but Sinn Féin and Alliance refused to enter the Assembly. [8] The Belfast Telegraph reassured unionists who felt guilty about this "that it was better for two-thirds of passengers to save themselves than for all to drown". The Troubles were a period of ethno-political[24][25][26][27][28] conflict in Northern Ireland which spilled over at various times into England, the Republic of Ireland, and mainland Europe. On 9 December 1973, after talks in Sunningdale, Berkshire, the UUP, SDLP and Alliance Party of Northern Ireland and both governments reached the Sunningdale Agreement on a cross-community government for Northern Ireland, which took office on 1 January 1974. Background. 1919 The Irish Volunteers (now known as the IRA) carry out an ambush in County Tipperary, triggering the "War of Independence". There was a major munitions strike in 1944. He calls for decommissioning and greater co-operation between Britain and Ireland and receives a standing ovation for a speech that revealed his previously hidden Irish roots. After loyalists break through police barriers during the marching season, Orangemen surround a church in Drumcree. The Army Comrades Association is established in the South. This is breached, but Stormont talks go ahead in June. Following his resignation, Arlene Foster became First Minister on 11 January 2016. In the general election of 1918, the Irish Parliamentary Party lost almost all of its seats to Sinn Féin. Ulster Unionists accept an offer from British Prime Minister Lloyd George to exclude six north-eastern counties of Ulster from any Home Rule settlement. In early 1941, the Luftwaffe flew reconnaissance missions that identified the docks and industrial areas to be targeted. 533); Additional source for 3 May 1921 date: Lynch, Robert, "The People's Protectors? Many died in political violence between 1920 and 1923, during which Belfast experienced the worst violence in its history. Ireland – History. Shortly afterwards the Combined Loyalist Military Command does the same. April 17th: A prominent People’s Democracy member, Bernadette Devlin, is elected to t… [23] As a key industrial city, Belfast became a target for German bombing missions, but it was thinly defended; there were only 24 anti-aircraft guns in the city. The Republic amended its constitution, to replace a claim it made to the territory of Northern Ireland with an affirmation of the right of all the people of Ireland to be part of the Irish nation and a declaration of an aspiration towards a United Ireland (see the Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland). The blossoming relationship between Britain and Ireland is reinforced when the secretary-general of the Commonwealth signals that Ireland would now be a "very welcome member" of the ex-colonials club, 49 years after it left. As a result, two disparate populations, with differing interests, found themselves living in a small island side by side. The 2005 British general election saw further polarisation, with the DUP making sweeping gains, although Sinn Féin did not make the breakthrough many had predicted. Violence escalates in the North, particularly against Catholics and, in London, an adviser to the Belfast parliament is assassinated. Throughout this time, although the Catholic birth rate remained higher than for Protestants, the Catholic proportion of the population declined, as poor economic prospects, especially west of the River Bann, saw Catholics emigrate in disproportionate numbers. Eight British soldiers die in a separate bomb attack. 1922 An Irish Free State is established, and confirmed by general election - although it is still a dominion of the Commonwealth and incorporates only 26 of the 32 counties. The continuing violence created a climate of fear in the new region, and there was migration across the new border. Lloyd George and Michael Collins meet for talks in London. By Christmas hardly any progress has been made, and sectarian murders continue, including that of Billy Wright, an LVF leader held in the Maze prison. Statutory Rules & Orders published by authority, 1921 (No. This descent into violence precipitated the need for armed forces on both sides. At the request of the unionist-controlled Northern Ireland government, the British army was deployed by the UK Home Secretary James Callaghan two days later on 14 August 1969. After Sinn Fein is excluded from inter-party talks, another IRA bomb destroys the centre of Manchester, and the INLA targets Enniskillen following an Orange march on the Garvaghy Road. Throughout this period, the main paramilitary organisations began to form. Later, the feared possible impact of British withdrawal was the 'Balkanisation' of Northern Ireland. A new deadline was set for 29 June, but it appeared that no agreement would be reached in time, with the main sticking point over Sinn Féin's desire for an Irish language act, rejected by the DUP, while Sinn Féin reject a hybrid act that also covers Ulster Scots. Various fitful political talks took place from then until the early 1990s, backed by schemes such as rolling devolution, and 1975 saw a brief Provisional IRA ceasefire. Various commentators suggested this raised problems for the UK government's role as a neutral arbiter in Northern Ireland, as is required under the Good Friday Agreement. [29][30][31][32][33] Violence nonetheless continues on a sporadic basis.[30][34][35]. The Irish Republican Army and the "Belfast Pogrom", 1920–1922", Brian Barton, "The Belfast Blitz: April–May 1941,", Boyd Black, "A Triumph of Voluntarism? Hardline Irish separatists (known at the time as Irish Nationalists and later as Republicans) rejected Home Rule entirely because it involved maintaining the connection with Britain. The election marked a significant shift in Northern Ireland's politics, being the first election since Ireland's partition in 1921 in which unionist parties did not win a majority of seats, and the first time that unionist and nationalist parties received equal representation in the Assembly (39 members between Sinn Féin and the SDLP, 39 members between the DUP, UUP, and TUV). Northern Ireland 1920-2000 2. The UK political landscape changed dramatically when the 1997 general election saw the return of a Labour government, led by prime minister Tony Blair, with a large parliamentary majority. The Prevention of Terrorism Act is newly applied to Northern Ireland. The following thirty years of civil strife came to be known as "the Troubles". The UVF bombs a Belfast bar, killing 15. The UK General Election saw both the DUP and Sinn Féin advance, with the UUP and SDLP losing all their MPs. The Northern Ireland Assembly and Executive (which collapsed three years ago) resumed on 11 January 2020 after an agreement titled 'New Decade, New Approach' was signed between the DUP and Sinn Féin, and the British and Irish governments, and subsequently by most other parties. 1992 Sectarian violence continues. The stand-off lasts several days. MOST GRACIOUS SOVEREIGN, We, your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the Senators and Commons of Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled, having learnt of the passing of the Irish Free State Constitution Act, 1922, being the Act of Parliament for the ratification of the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty between Great Britain and Ireland, do, by this humble Address, pray your Majesty that the powers of the Parliament and Government of the Irish Free State shall no longer extend to Northern Ireland. Emigration to seek employment was significantly more prevalent among the Catholic population. 1985 SDLP leader John Hume meets the IRA privately. Henry Holt & Company, 1999, page 221. On 30 March 1972, the British government, unwilling to grant the unionist Northern Ireland government more authoritarian special powers, and now convinced of its inability to restore order, pushed through emergency legislation that prorogued the Northern Ireland Parliament and introduced direct rule from London. 1922-23 Civil war breaks out between the Free State Army and the Irregulars (the IRA). 1938 Neville Chamberlain and De Valera agree to return the "Treaty Ports" (British outposts) to Eire. [65][66][67] The Bill's third reading was passed in the House of Commons and in the House of Lords on 24 and 30 October respectively. (BBC). 1987 An IRA bomb kills 11 people in Enniskillen on Remembrance Day. A majority of both communities in Northern Ireland approved this Agreement, as did the people of the Republic of Ireland, both by referendum on 22 May 1998. First conquests. After years of civil war, Ireland became a republic in 1921. 2. As part of the Northern Ireland … 1941 Severe German bombing raids on Belfast; Dublin and other Eire counties are also targeted. Sinn Féin was at the forefront of organising the campaign against conscription. 1927 Fianna Fail forms the biggest opposition party in the Dublin parliament. Prior to the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland, the island was ruled through a system of small kingdoms. A short history of Ireland / John O’Beirne Ranelagh. It was this paramilitary group that was responsible for the Omagh Bombing in August 1998 that claimed the lives of 29 including a mother and her unborn twins. In November, Mrs Thatcher and the Irish Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald sign the Anglo-Irish Agreement, which gives Dublin a greater say in the future of Northern Ireland. The IRA launches its Northern Ireland campaign, and internment without trial begins in the province. Northern Ireland (a.k.a. Approximately 460 of these deaths occurred in Belfast (258 Catholics, 159 Protestants, and 3 of unknown religion). At various times the party stood and won elections on an abstentionist platform. Many civilians were killed and injured by the indiscriminate bombing campaigns carried out, mainly by the Provisional IRA. Emboldened by this, a coalition of anti-Agreement unionist politicians and paramilitaries organised the Ulster Workers' Council strike which began on 15 May. [9] Many Irish nationalists also opposed partition, although some were gratified that Northern Ireland contained a large nationalist minority that would deny it stability. Long periods have been beset by violence, most recently The Troubles of the 1970s and 80s, though things are quiet today. ISBN 0-8050-6087-1 ↑ 4.0 4.1 Historical Dictionary of the Northern Ireland Conflict by Gordon Gillespie (ISBN 978-0-8108-5583-0), page 250 1955 Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) barracks are attacked by a breakaway Republican group, Saor Uladh. The IRA was determined to oppose the partition of Ireland so the authorities created the (mainly ex-UVF) Ulster Special Constabulary to aid the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) and introduced emergency powers to combat the IRA. In total, 636 people were killed between July 1920 and July 1922 in Northern Ireland. 1924 The Boundary Commission meets for the first time to discuss the frontier between Northern Ireland and the Free State. “The North”, “The Six Counties) was established in 1920, when Ireland was divided in two The 1922 Treaty which set up the Irish Free State confirmed this 3. The Northern Ireland Parliament and Executive which governed between 1921 and 1972 were also devolved The British government stated that the legalisation would only come into effect if the executive was not functioning by 22 October deadline. [5] The new autonomous Northern Ireland was formed from six of the nine counties of Ulster: four counties with unionist majorities – Antrim, Armagh, Down, and Londonderry – and two counties with slight[a] Irish nationalist majorities – Fermanagh and Tyrone – in the 1918 General Election. pages cm. The agreement, the first of its kind in Northern Irelands history, established a power-sharing devolved assembly and executive, new links across the Irish border and a change in the relationships between London and Dublin. [64], On 18 October the Northern Ireland Secretary Karen Bradley introduced the Northern Ireland (Executive Formation and Exercise of Functions) Bill, removing the time frame of an Assembly election until 26 March 2019, which could be replaced by a later date by the Northern Ireland Secretary for once only, and during which the Northern Ireland Executive could be formed at any time, enabling civil servants to take a certain degree of departmental decisions that would be in public interest, and also allowing Ministers of the Crown to have several Northern Ireland appointments. [59][60][61], Talks between the DUP and Sinn Féin recommenced on 6 February 2018, only days before the mid-February deadline where, in the absence of an agreement, a regional budget will have to be imposed by Westminster. The Northern Ireland government was criticised heavily for its lack of preparation, and Northern Ireland's Prime Minister J. M. Andrews resigned. 1979 Eleven Protestants are jailed for murder and the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) kills a Tory politician and the IRA murders 18 soldiers in County Down. The Deputy Leader of the SDLP, Seamus Mallon, became Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland, though his party's new leader, Mark Durkan, subsequently replaced him. Rioting continued until 14 August, and in that time 1,091 canisters, each containing 12.5g of CS gas and 14 canisters containing 50g, were released by the RUC. Rathlin Island, off the north coast, is the victim of one of the first Viking raids on Ireland: the beginning of a four-hundred-year period of Viking influence on Ireland 841 The Vikings build their first settlements in Ireland (at Dublin and Annagassan, Co. Lough) 1002–14 They retained control of one faction of the Irish Volunteers, and in Easter 1916, led by Thomas Clarke, James Connolly and others attempted a rebellion in Dublin. All the main parties in Northern Ireland, including the DUP and Sinn Féin, subsequently formally endorsed the agreement. There is renewed IRA activity in Armagh. At the same time Gerry Adams, leader of Sinn Féin, and John Hume, leader of the Social Democratic and Labour Party, engaged in talks. (The Irish Volunteers would later become the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in 1919.) Similarly, on visits to Northern Ireland, the President of Ireland, Mary McAleese, met with unionist ministers and with the Lord Lieutenant of each county – the official representatives of the Queen. The level of violence declined from 1972 onwards, decreasing to under 150 deaths a year after 1976 and under 100 after 1988. [72] No deal was reached at that time. 1968 Rioting breaks out in October after the RUC crushes a civil rights march in Derry. 1956 The Reverend Ian Paisley converts a 15-year-old Catholic girl to Protestantism; she is made a ward of court. This is a timeline of the Irish War of Independence (or the Anglo-Irish War) of 1919–21.The Irish War of Independence was a guerrilla conflict and most of the fighting was conducted on a small scale by the standards of conventional warfare.. On November 21 (Bloody Sunday), the IRA kills 14 alleged British agents while the Black and Tans open fire on a football crowd. Bew, Paul, Peter Gibbon and Henry Patterson. 1918 At the general election, Sinn Fein wins 73 seats, more than twice as many as the Unionist parties. 1932 De Valera elected Taoiseach of Ireland. The 36th (Ulster) Division was one of the first units in the British Army to be sent into the Somme beginning in July 1916. [14], Voting arrangements which gave commercial companies multiple votes according to size, and which restricted the personal franchise to property owners, primary tenants and their spouses (which were ended in England in the 1940s), continued in Northern Ireland until 1969[15] and became increasingly resented. In early January 2020, the British and Irish governments announced the text of a deal to restore power sharing in Northern Ireland, and to restore devolution.[73]. Since then, the Executive has been in suspension and has not reformed. Kennedy, Liam and Philip Ollerenshaw, eds, Ollerenshaw, Philip. However, as Catholics made up less than one-quarter of the population of the city, the per capita death rates were much higher.[12]. 1995 British army patrols in Belfast end, but Sinn Fein withdraw from Government talks. The duration of the Troubles is conventionally dated from the late 1960s and considered by many to have ended with the Belfast "Good Friday" Agreement of 1998. In addition, there was widespread discrimination in employment, particularly at senior levels of the public sector and in certain sectors of the economy, such as shipbuilding and heavy engineering. Two bills granting Home Rule to Ireland were passed by the House of Commons in 1886 and 1893, but rejected by the House of Lords. When Germany conquered France in Spring 1940 it gained closer airfields. A new deadline of 29 June was then set for power-sharing talks.[53]. 1945 Winston Churchill lauds Northern Ireland's war effort and criticises Eire's neutrality, although it later emerges that the Dublin government co-operated with MI5 in intelligence-gathering against Germany. Direct rule. [57] The deadline passed with no resolution. May 21, 2016 - This is a printable history timeline poster covering the main events of the history of Northern Ireland, The Troubles Two files included - Brokenshire extended the time for talks, but Sinn Féin and the DUP remained pessimistic about any quick resolution. Many nationalists came to view the new police force as sectarian, adding to their sense of alienation from the state. Throughout 1913 and 1914, paramilitary "volunteer armies" were recruited and armed, firstly the unionist Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), and in response, the nationalist Irish Volunteers. Bilateral party meetings begin, led by Northern Ireland Secretary Peter Brooke, after the UVF and UFF (Ulster Freedom Fighters) declare a joint ceasefire for the duration of the talks. At first the soldiers received a warm welcome from Irish nationalists, who hoped they would protect them from loyalist attack (which the IRA had, for ideological reasons, not done effectively). Although the pro-Sunningdale parties had a clear majority in the new Northern Ireland Assembly, the failure of the pro-Agreement parties to co-ordinate their efforts in the general election of 28 February, combined with an IRA-sponsored boycott by hardline republicans, allowed anti-Sunningdale unionists to take 51.1% of the vote and 11 of Northern Ireland's 12 seats in the UK House of Commons. When the veterans of World War I, on both sides of the political divide, returned from the front in 1918 and 1919, they came back as battle-hardened soldiers. 1981 Bobby Sands, an IRA prisoner on hunger strike, wins a Westminster by-election. The two events of real significance during this period, however, were the hunger strikes (1981) and the Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985). [21][22] It was a key industrial city producing ships, tanks, aircraft, engineering works, arms, uniforms, parachutes and a host of other industrial goods. Two weeks later, the IRA detonates a bomb in London's Canary Wharf, putting an end to its ceasefire. Many people left the city in fear of future attacks. 1936 IRA banned by the Free State. In 1963, the prime minister of Northern Ireland, Viscount Brookeborough, stepped down after 20 years in office. Two weeks later, control of security in Northern Ireland was passed from the Stormont government to Lieutenant-General Ian Freeland (GOC). 1965 Signing of the Anglo-Irish free trade agreement. 1976 A State of emergency is declared by the Republic. After the introduction of internment without trial for suspected IRA men on 9 August 1971, even the most moderate Irish nationalists reacted by completely withdrawing their co-operation with the state. 1966 Members of the newly-formed Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) are convicted of murdering a young Catholic in Belfast. Increased government focus on the problems of Northern Ireland led, in 1993, to the two prime ministers signing the Downing Street Declaration. The Assembly and its Executive operated on a stop-start basis, with repeated disagreements about whether the IRA was fulfilling its commitments to disarm, and also allegations from the Police Service of Northern Ireland's Special Branch that there was an IRA spy-ring operating in the heart of the civil service. About £20 million worth of damage was caused. However, unionists from across the spectrum felt betrayed by the British government and relations between unionists and the British government were at their worst point since the Ulster Covenant in 1912, with similar mass rallies in Belfast. 1922 - Civil war breaks out between the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the National Army. Tourism is booming as a result and visitors can enjoy the rich culture of the various peoples. Northern Ireland was then, once more, run by the Direct Rule Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Peter Hain, and a British ministerial team answerable to him. 1973-74 Industrial Relations and Strikes in Northern Ireland in World War Two,", attempted to introduce conscription to Ireland in 1918, Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association, Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland, Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland, the introduction of same-sex marriage to Northern Ireland, Northern Ireland (Executive Formation and Exercise of Functions), Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019, "The European Sustainable Competitiveness Programme for Northern Ireland 2007–2013", Northern Ireland Social and Political Archive, http://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/the-emergence-of-the-two-irelands-1912-25/, http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/sectarian/brewer.htm, http://www.mydup.com/news/article/campbell-to-raise-complaints-with-bbc-on-fair-employment-documentary, "The Nobel Lecture given by The Nobel Peace Prize Laureate 1998", "Assimilation versus Segregation: Unionist Strategy in the 1960s", "ETHNIC CONFLICT AND THE TWO-STATE SOLUTION: THE IRISH EXPERIENCE OF PARTITION", "Draft List of Deaths Related to the Conflict. 1926 The treaty opponent Eamon de Valera founds Fianna Fail. "You Raise Me Up", the 2005 track by Westlife, was played at their inauguration. Explaining Sinn Féin's electoral success", "No Snap Election in Northern Ireland After Talks Collapse", "Stormont talks: Sinn Féin wants election if no deal", "Stormont talks: Direct rule or election 'if no deal, "Stormont power-sharing talks deadline set for 29 June", "How will the Northern Irish power-sharing be affected by the Tory-DUP 'friendship'? 1937 - The Irish Free State is named Ireland by a new constitution. Four people die but Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher is unhurt. 1959 De Valera becomes the new President of Ireland. Three Counties unionists (those living in the Ulster counties of Cavan, Donegal, and Monaghan) who found themselves on the wrong side of the new border that partitioned Ulster, felt betrayed by those who had joined them in pledging to "stand by one another" in the Ulster Covenant. By the 1990s, the perceived stalemate between the IRA and British security forces, along with the increasing political successes of Sinn Féin, convinced a majority inside the republican movement that greater progress towards republican objectives might be achieved through negotiation rather than violence at this stage. The Government of Ireland Act establishes the principle of two parliaments in Dublin and Belfast, to be subordinate to the London parliament. Some British politicians, notably former British Labour minister Tony Benn, advocated British withdrawal from Ireland, but many opposed this policy, and called their prediction of the possible results of British withdrawal the 'Doomsday Scenario', anticipating widespread communal strife. The party agrees to the Mitchell Principles. While the Anglo-Irish Agreement failed to bring an end to political violence in Northern Ireland, it did improve co-operation between the British and Irish governments, which was key to the creation of the Belfast Agreement/Good Friday Agreement a decade later. He resigns a year later. While nationalist parties continued to retain the same number of seats that they had under proportional representation, the Northern Ireland Labour Party and various smaller leftist unionist groups were smothered, meaning that it proved impossible for any group to sustain a challenge to the Ulster Unionist Party from within the unionist section of the population. May 1998 The Agreement is approved by referendums in Northern Ireland and the Republic, despite some Unionist dissent. In a number of cases, most prominently those of the Corporation of Derry, Omagh Urban District, and Fermanagh County Council, ward boundaries were drawn to place as many Catholics as possible into wards with overwhelming nationalist majorities while other wards were created where unionists had small but secure majorities, maximising unionist representation. Sinn Fein proclaims an independent Ireland. 1969 There are a series of clashes between loyalists and republicans. This is a timeline of Irish history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Ireland.To read about the background to these events, see History of Ireland.See also the list of Lords and Kings of Ireland and Irish heads of state and the list of years in Ireland
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