"Integration, affirmative action, and strict scrutiny". The Labor Department, under President Richard M. Nixon, issued Order No.4, authorizing flexible goals and timetables to correct "underutilization" of minorities by federal contractors. Since that time, any employer receiving federal funds has been required to document their affirmative action procedures and actual hiring numbers. Both resolutions stipulated that nothing contained within these sections should be interpreted to prohibit any action strictly necessary to maintain or establish eligibility to receive federal or state funding. On July 20, 1995 the Board of Regents of the University of California adopted Regents Resolutions SP-1 and SP-2. In Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena, 513 U.S. 1012 (1994) the Supreme Court held that a federal affirmative action program remains constitutional when narrowly tailored to accomplish a compelling government interest such as remedying discrimination. The Sixth Circuit handed down its decision in Grutter v. Bollinger, 288 F.3d 732 (6th Cir. 1997: Proposition 209 enacted in California which banned all forms of affirmation action “in the operation of public employment, public education, or public contracting.” On March 6, 1961 President John F. Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925, which included a provision that government contractors "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin." 2002. The section of the resolution referring to the above statements is as follows: Now, therefore, be it resolved that SP-1 and SP-2 are rescinded by this resolution, and: A. In Grutter, the Court held that the University of Michigan’s use of race among other factors in its law school admissions program was constitutional because the program furthered a compelling interest in obtaining “an educational benefit that flows from student body diversity”. Established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). This repeal reaffirms the University's commitment to a student body and workforce representative of California's diverse population. 1979. Order No.4 was revised to include women. The program also included the Talented 20% Plan that guarantees the top 20% admission to the University of Florida system. 2008: Ballot measure banning affirmative action by public entities approved in Nebraska, rejected in Colorado. To that end, the requirements set forth under Executive Order 11246 still applied to UC campuses. In his speech, he discussed the history in the United States that brought the policy into fruition: slavery, Jim Crow, and segregation. During the November 5, 1996 election, California voters voted 54% to 46% to amend the California Constitution through an initiative commonly known as Proposition 209, or the California Civil Rights Initiative. The phrase first appeared in 1961, when President John F. Kennedy created the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. California enacted a new plan allowing the top 12.5% of high school student’s admission to the UC system, either for all four years or after two years outside the system, and guaranteeing the top 4% of all high school seniors’ admission into the UC system. This was landmark legislation prohibiting employment discrimination by large employers (over 15 employees), whether or not they have government contracts. This report is a snapshot of how many racial and ethnic minorities and women are working in a company. 1971. History of affirmative action. The Supreme Court ruled in United Steel Workers of America, AFL-CIO v. Weber, 444 U.S. 889 (1979) that race-conscious affirmative action efforts designed to eliminate a conspicuous racial imbalance in an employer's workforce resulting from past discrimination are permissible if they are temporary and do not violate the rights of white employees. Bush signs the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. This and the following two sections provide the context for this review, and, indeed, for federal affirmative action programs. 2003. Created the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. The same District Court in Michigan made two different rulings regarding affirmative action in Michigan, with one judge deciding that the undergraduate program was constitutional while another judge found the law school program unconstitutional. 12138, creating a National Women's Business Enterprise Policy and requiring each agency to take affirmative action to support women's business enterprises. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469 (1989) struck down Richmond's minority contracting program as unconstitutional, requiring that a state or local affirmative action program be supported by a "compelling interest" and be narrowly tailored to ensure that the program furthers that interest. In its 40-year history, Affirmative Action has attempted to rid America of discrimination against minorities and women, sometimes at the cost of what has been labeled “reverse discrimination” towards white men. Created the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. 1969: The Stonewall Riots galvanize the gay rights movement in the U.S. Both the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate thwarted attempts to eliminate specific affirmative action programs. By declining to review the case, the court did not decide the case on its merits but allowed Prop. 1991: President George H.W. A look back through the decades shows what went right in the early years of affirmative action in college admissions, but also what can go wrong even … 1995. 2001. Both houses rejected amendments to abolish the Disadvantaged Business Enterprise program funded through the Transportation Bill, and the House rejected an attempt to eliminate use of affirmative action in admissions in higher education programs funded through the Higher Education Act. The Supreme Court ruled, 5-4, that while universities may consider an applicant’s race as on… President Nixon issued E.O. As the debate continues regarding what is permissible and what is ethically responsible, the University continues to fulfill its affirmative action obligations within the parameters of the law. Voters in Houston supported affirmative action programs in city contracting and hiring by rejecting an initiative that would banish such efforts. Im Jahr 1965 erläuterte Präsident Lyndon B. Johnson in einer Rede vor den schwarzen Studenten der Howard University die Grundidee der Affirmative Action: Lawsuits were filed against the University of Michigan and the University of Washington School of Law regarding their use of affirmative action policies in admissions standards. 1986. The relevant sections are as follows: SP-1, Section 2: Effective January 1, 1997, the University of California shall not use race, religion, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin as criteria for admission to the University or to any program of study. I fear that forcing the issue at this time could jeopardize the daily progress being made in ensuring equality.". 1997. SP-1, SP-2, and Proposition 209 reiterated the intent that no preferential treatment be given to any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin. This resolution rescinded SP-1 and SP-2 and at the same time acknowledged the University would be governed by Article 1, Section 31 of the California Constitution (Proposition 209). An unmanned woman celebrates the desegregation of New Orleans Catholic Schools. 1978. 2000) and ruled that the Disadvantaged Business Enterprise as administered by the Department of Transportation was constitutional because it served a compelling government interest and was narrowly tailored to achieve that interest. Beginning in 1997 for graduate schools and 1998 for undergraduate admissions, officials at the University were no longer allowed to use race, gender, ethnicity or national origin as a factor in admissions decisions. In Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Mineta, 534 U.S. 103 (2001) the Supreme Court dismissed the case as “improvidently granted”, thereby leaving undisturbed the 10th Circuit’s decision, which upheld the government’s revised federal contracting program. 1979. 1964. For more information about the University's nondiscrimination or affirmative action policies, please contact the Office of Equal Opportunity & Diversity at (949) 824-5594 or oeod@uci.edu. History of Affirmative Action in Education. 77: 1195–271. 1989. Bill Lann Lee was appointed Acting Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights after facing opposition to his confirmation because of his support for affirmative action when he worked for the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. 2000: Florida bans using race as a factor in college admissions. The Regents of the University of California voted to end affirmative action programs at all University of California campuses. President Johnson amended E.O. Three years later the Civil Rights Act of 1964 came about. Introducing Affirmative Action to the Public President Franklin D. Roosevelt is credited with being the first to coin the term "affirmative action". Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed into law. http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/aahist.html. 1987. The proposition includes the following sections:(a) The State shall not discriminate against, or grant preferential treatment to, any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public employment, public education, or public contracting. 1995. President Jimmy Carter issued E.O. Senator Robert Dole and Representative Charles Canady introduced the so-called Equal Opportunity Act in Congress. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act provided the initial legal basis for affirmative action for women in the workplace. The Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP), under the Department of Labor, monitors this requirement for all federal contractors, including all UC campuses, and has developed regulations to which these contractors must adhere. In Texas v. Hopwood, 518 U.S. 1033 (1996) the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ruled against the University of Texas, deciding that its law school's policy of considering race in the admissions process was a violation of the Constitution's equal-protection guarantee. "This sends a clear and unequivocal message that people of all backgrounds are welcome at the University of California," said Regent Judith L. Hopkinson, who introduced RE-28.
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